Die Fütterung mit einem Enzym kann Bienen vor Pestiziden schützen und könnte die erschreckende Entwicklung sinkender Bienenpopulationen ändern.
Fünfzehn Jahre nachdem Imker erstmals Massensterben von Bienen gemeldet haben, ist es immer noch üblich, dass ein durchschnittlicher Imker jedes Jahr etwa ein Drittel eines Bienenstocks verliert. Bei Wildbienen ist die Situation noch schlimmer, und viele Arten sind vom Aussterben bedroht. Eine der zahlreichen Bedrohungen für Bienen ist der Anstieg von Pestiziden in landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben – aber eine neue Lösung könnte jetzt dazu beitragen, sie gegen die Auswirkungen der Chemikalien immun zu machen.
Ein Enzym, das Pestizid abbaut
James Webb, Leiter des Startup Unternehmens Beemunity bringt dieses neuartige Produkt heraus, das bereits von ihm und anderen Forschern an der Cornell University getestet wurde. Es handelt sich hierbei um ein Enzym, das zu Zucker- oder Pollenpastetchen hinzugefügt werden kann, die Bienen in einer winzigen, pollengroßen Kapsel gegeben werden. Wenn die Biene es frisst, baut das Enzym das Pestizid im Magen der Biene ab, bevor es die Gehirnzellen erreichen und Schaden anrichten kann. In einer kürzlich veröffentlichten Studie fand das Team heraus, dass 100 % der Bienen, denen das Enzym verabreicht wurde, überlebten, wenn sie Pestiziden ausgesetzt waren. In der Kontrollgruppe starben alle Bienen, die den Pestiziden ausgesetzt waren.
Da das Enzym nur gegen eine Art von Pestizid schützt – es handelt sich hierbei um eine Gruppe namens Organophosphate −, entwickelte das Team auch eine alternative Lösung, die die Mikrokapsel mit einem absorbierenden Öl füllt, das Pestizide wie ein Schwamm aufsaugen kann. Die Bienen scheiden daraufhin die Mikrokapseln aus. Die Technologie wurde entwickelt, um mit jeder Art von Pestizid fertigzuwerden.
Das Unternehmen plant, das Produkt Anfang 2022 für Imker auf den Markt zu bringen. Ein weiteres Produkt für Wildbienen könnte bis Ende des Jahres verfügbar sein.
Industrialisierung macht Schädlingsbekämpfung schwierig
Obwohl es jetzt helfen kann, Bienen zu retten, so ist dies natürlich nicht die endgültige Antwort auf das Bienensterben. „Das eigentliche Problem ist die Industrialisierung der Landwirtschaft“, so Webb. „Das Ausmaß, in dem es jetzt passiert, bedeutet, dass die Schädlingsbekämpfung sehr schwierig ist. Und so greifen die Leute auf das billigste Mittel zurück, das sie verwenden können, und das sind offensichtlich Pestizide.“
Ein typischer Bienenstock ist mittlerweile mit durchschnittlich sechs Pestiziden belastet. Wenn Bienen diesen ausgesetzt sind, können sie außerdem anfälliger für andere Bedrohungen wie Milben und Krankheitserreger werden. Zusätzlich kann es ihnen dadurch auch erschwert werden zu fliegen. Und große Dosen an Pestiziden können Bienen natürlich auch direkt töten.
Das Unternehmen Beemunity möchte durch seine Arbeit auch die zugrunde liegenden Probleme deutlicher machen. Sie macht nämlich deutlich, dass es Wildtieren im Allgemeinen um vieles besser geht, wenn auf Pestizide verzichtet wird. Verständlicherweise wird es kaum möglich sein, jedes einzelne Tier mit diesem Enzym zu füttern und ihm auf diese Weise zu helfen. Dies ist also daher eher ein Schritt zur Schadensbegrenzung als eine langfristige Lösung.
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