TECHNOLOGIE, UMWELT
Kommentare 174

Wie bekommen wir das CO2 aus der Luft?

Selbst wenn wir bis 2050 eine „tiefe Entkarbonisierung“ erreichen, müssen wir höchstwahrscheinlich einen Weg finden, die CO2-Emissionen kontinuierlich aus der Luft zu entfernen.

Um eine Chance zu haben, die schlimmsten Auswirkungen des Klimawandels zu vermeiden, muss die Menschheit bis 2050 Netto-Null-Emissionen erreichen. Das bedeutet, dass wir, wenn wir bis dahin nicht zu einer emissionsfreien Wirtschaft übergehen können, Wege finden müssen, um alles, was wir noch in die Atmosphäre pumpen, zu entfernen.

Ein neuer Bericht des gemeinnützigen World Resources Institute befasst sich mit der Frage, was nötig wäre, um CO2 aus der Luft zu entfernen. Der Bericht zeigt fünf Wege auf, um dorthin zu gelangen.

Aufforstung

Ein Hektar Wald filtert jährlich rund 10 Tonnen Kohlendioxid. Wie viel ein einzelner Baum absorbieren kann, hängt von der Baumart, dessen Holzdichte und Alter ab. Eine 100 Jahre alte, circa. 35 Meter hohe Fichte mit einem Durchmesser von 50 Zentimetern filtert 2,6 Tonnen CO2. Eine 120-jährige, 35 Meter hohe Buche mit einem Durchmesser von 50 Zentimetern speichert fast eine Tonne Kohlendioxid mehr. Grund ist deren höhere Holzdichte. 

Direkte CO2-Absaugung aus der Luft

Es gibt bereits Anlagen, in denen neue Technologien zum Absaugen von Kohlenstoff aus der Atmosphäre zum Einsatz kommen.

Seit Ende 2017 saugt eine Anlage in der Schweiz beispielsweise Kohlendioxid mit Filtern aus der Umgebungsluft. Sie besteht aus großen Ventilatoren, die die Umgebungsluft ansaugen und durch Filter leiten. Darin binden Zellulose und Stickstoffverbindungen das Kohlendioxid. Sind die Filter voll, werden sie auf 100 Grad Celsius erhitzt – im Vakuum trennt sich sehr reines CO2 ab.

Um die Filter zu erhitzen, wird die Abwärme einer nahegelegenen Müllverbrennungsanlage genutzt. Das so herausgefilterte CO2 wiederum wird in einem Gewächshaus genutzt, um das Wachstum der Pflanzen zu steigern. Sonst wird dieses extra durch Verbrennung von Propan erzeugt. Mit einigen hunderttausend weiteren Anlagen – so der Hersteller Climeworks – könnten bis 2025 jährlich fast 300 Millionen Tonnen Kohlendioxid aus der Luft entfernt werden. Das wären jedoch nur weniger als ein Prozent der jährlichen globalen Emissionen.

Regenerative Landwirtschaft

Wenn Landwirte Praktiken der „regenerativen Landwirtschaft“ wie Direktsaat und das Anpflanzen von Deckfrüchten (= eine Frucht, in die eine andere Frucht gesät wird, damit in einem Jahr zwei Ernten möglich sind) anwenden, kann dies den Feldern helfen, zusätzlichen Kohlenstoff im Boden zu speichern. Da die Forschung in diesem Bereich noch relativ neu ist, ist noch nicht ganz klar, wie viel Kohlenstoff letztendlich gespeichert werden könnte. Es gibt aber Berechnungen, dass wenn 10 Millionen Hektar Ackerland diese Art der Bewirtschaftung übernehmen würden, bis 2050 potenziell 100-200 Megatonnen CO2 pro Jahr gespeichert werden könnten.

Kohlenstoff-Mineralisierung

Bestimmte Gesteine binden CO2, wenn sie ihm ausgesetzt sind. Blue Planet, ein Start-up, fängt CO2 ab, löst es in einer Lösung auf und verbindet es dann mit Gesteinsabfällen aus der Industrie. Dadurch entsteht ein neues Aggregat, das als Baumaterial verwendet werden kann. Andere injizieren CO2 in Beton. Auch hier gibt es genug Luft nach oben, was die Erforschung dieser Methoden betrifft. Denn nach wie vor ist nicht ganz klar, was technisch und logistisch möglich wäre.

Verbesserte Hackfrüchte

Wenn Pflanzenzüchter neue Nutzpflanzen mit tieferen, längeren Wurzeln entwickeln, könnte dies möglicherweise auch dazu beitragen, mehr Kohlenstoff einzufangen, da die Wurzeln tief in den Untergrund reichen. (Eine solche Kulturpflanze, „Kernza“ genannt, existiert bereits und wird in Produkten wie Long Root Pale Ale verwendet, einem Bier, das Patagonien wegen seiner Fähigkeit, Kohlenstoff einzufangen, vermarktet.)

Wie wir sehen, mangelt es ja nicht an Ideen, weder was die Entkarbonisierung als solches noch die Entfernung des CO2 aus der Luft betrifft. Jetzt heißt es nur, diese Ideen auch überregional und über die Grenzen hinweg umzusetzen.

fastcompany.com

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